List of media during the Turkish War of Independence

Media during the Turkish War of Independence refers to the political attitudes of newspapers and magazines that were published in Anatolia and Constantinople during the Turkish War of Independence between the Armistice of Mudros (1919) and the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).

Background After the World War I, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by the Entente. The Turkish National Movement in Anatolia culminated in the formation of the Grand National Assembly (GNA; ) by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. After the end of the Turkish–Armenian, Franco-Turkish and Greco-Turkish fronts (often referred to as the Eastern Front, the Southern Front, and the Western Front of the war, respectively), the Treaty of Sèvres was abandoned and the Treaties of Kars (October 1921) and Lausanne (July 1923) were signed. The Allies left Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923.

During this period, an important amount of newspapers and magazines published in region supported the Turkish National Movement. Initially, because of the occupation of city, the mass media in Istanbul was unable to write subjects such as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Kuva-yi Milliye, War of Independence and Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Some newspapers even openly supported the occupation by trying to convince the people to not resist. There were also many newspapers and magazines owned by minorities who mostly supported a mandate rule over Anatolia and named Kuva-yi Milliye "irresponsible gangs".

List Media that was in support of the Turkish National Movement Constantinople NameCenterTypeFrequencyNotesAhvâlConstantinopleNewspaperIrregularAkbabaConstantinopleNewspaperTwice per weekAkşamConstantinopleNewspaperDailyFormed by Necmettin Sadak and Ali NaciAlayConstantinopleNewspaperWeeklyFormed by Ercüment Ekrem Talu and Aka GündüzAsildarConstantinopleNewspaperDailyAsker HocasıConstantinopleNewspaperBiweeklyAydedeConstantinopleNewspaperWeeklyÂyineConstantinopleMagazineAydınlıkConstantinopleNewspaperWeeklyBeşer ve TabiatConstantinopleNewspaperWeeklyBugünConstantinopleNewspaperMonthlyBüyük MecmuaConstantinopleMagazineBiweeklyCadıConstantinopleNewspaperTwice per weekCeride-i HavadisConstantinopleNewspaperDailyCeride-i ŞikâyâtConstantinopleNewspaperWeeklyDergâhConstantinopleMagazineBiweeklyDersaadetConstantinopleNewspaperDailyDikenConstantinopleNewspaperWeeklyEdebî MecmuaConstantinopleMagazineWeeklyEfkâr-ı UmumiyeConstantinopleNewspaperBiweeklyFırtınaConstantinopleNewspaperWeeklyGüleryüzConstantinopleNewspaperWeeklyLaunched by Sedat SimaviHabl-i MetinConstantinopleMagazineHâdisâtConstantinopleNewspaperDailyHalk SadâsıConstantinopleNewspaperDailyHukuk-ı BeşerConstantinopleNewspaperDailyİdrâkConstantinopleNewspaperDailyİfhâmConstantinopleNewspaperDailyİkdamConstantinopleNewspaperEverydayEstablished by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Hüseyin Cahit (Yalçın) and Hüseyin RahmiİleriConstantinopleNewspaperDailyEstablished by Celal Nuri İleriİstiklâlConstantinopleNewspaperIrregularKaragözConstantinopleMagazineBiweeklyIt published 4785 issues between the Second Constitutional Era and 1955 and supported the Turkish National Movement.MemleketConstantinopleNewspaperDailyMillî MecmuaConstantinopleMagazineBiweeklyMinberConstantinopleNewspaperDailyMüşterek NewspaperConstantinopleNewspaperDailyResimli NewspaperConstantinopleNewspaperWeeklySebilürreşadIstanbul-Kayseri-AnkaraConstantinopleIrregularEstablished by Mehmet Akif (Ersoy)Servet-i FünunConstantinopleNewspaper-MagazineWeeklyTaninConstantinopleNewspaperDailyFormed by Hüseyin CahitTercüman-ı HakikatConstantinopleNewspaperEverydayTevhid-i Efkâr (Tasvîr-i Efkâr)ConstantinopleNewspaperDailyTürk DünyasıConstantinopleNewspaperWeeklyVakitConstantinopleNewspaperDailyEstablished by Ahmet Emin Yalman and Mehmet Asım UsVatanConstantinopleNewspaperDailyYarınConstantinopleMagazineWeeklyYeni MecmuaConstantinopleMagazineWeekly

Anatolia NameCenterTypeFrequencyNotesFerdaAdanaNewspaperTwice every weekHayatAdanaNewspaperThrice every weekMillî MefkureAdanaMagazineOnce every 15 daysTok SözAdanaNewspaperEverydayAdapazarıAdapazarıNewspaperOnce every weekAfyon'da NurAfyonkarahisarMagazineOnce every monthİkâzAfyonkarahisarNewspaperEverydaySöz BirliğiAfyonkarahisarNewspaperIrregularAmasya'da EmelAmasyaNewspaperOnce every weekAna Türk YurduAnkaraMagazineOnce every 15 daysAnadolu DuygusuAnkaraMagazineOnce every 15 daysAnadolu Terbiye MecmuasıAnkaraMagazineOnce every monthAnadolu'da Peyâm-ı SabahAnkaraNewspaperOnce every weekAnadolu'da Yeni GünAnkaraNewspaperEverydayIt was later renamed to CumhuriyetAnavatan MecmuasıAnkaraMagazineOnce every 15 daysBozkurtAnkaraMagazineOnce every weekHakimiyet-i MilliyeAnkaraNewspaperEverydayEstablished by Atatürk in 1920. It was the semi-official newspaper of TBMM. It was renamed Ulus in 1934. The first editor was Ahmet Ağaoğlu.Kavânîn MecmuasıAnkaraMagazineIrregularMefkureAnkaraMagazineOnce every weekMillî OrduAnkaraMagazineOnce every monthŞark'ın SesiAnkaraNewspaperEverydayAnadolu'da KalemAnkaraNewspaperOnce every weekYeşil YuvaArdahanMagazineOnce every monthAydın İliAydınNewspaperOnce every two daysDoğru SözBalıkesirNewspaperOnce every weekİzmir'e DoğruBalıkesirNewspaperTwice every weekZafer-i MillîBalıkesirNewspaperThrice every weekDertliBoluNewspaperOnce every weekGamlıBoluMagazineOnce every weekMillî GayeBoluMagazineOnce every 15 daysTürkoğluBoluNewspaperIrregularArkadaşBursaNewspaperIrregularBursa MecmuasıBursaMagazineOnce every 15 daysErtuğrulBursaNewspaperOnce every weekHakikatBursaNewspaperThrice every weekİntibahBursaNewspaperEverydayKardeşBursaNewspaperOnce every weekMillet YoluBursaNewspaperTwice every weekPeyâm-ı SabahBursaPublished a single issueHalk YoluÇankırıMagazineOnce every 15 daysNazikterDadayNewspaperOnce every weekKüçük MecmuaDiyarbakırMagazineOnce every weekArdaEdirneNewspaperTwice every weekİtilâfEdirneNewspaperEverydayPaşaeli-TrakyaEdirneNewspaperOnce every weekSatvet-i MilliyyeElazığNewspaperOnce every weekAlbayrakErzurumNewspaperTwice every weekAhrarEskişehirNewspaperOnce every weekHatifEskişehirNewspaperIrregularİmdadEskişehirNewspaperIrregularİstiklâlEskişehirNewspaperOnce every weekMetanetEskişehirNewspaperIrregularGedikkayaGiresunNewspaperOnce every weekIşıkGiresunMagazineOnce every 15 daysKaradenizGiresunNewspaperOnce every weekYeni GiresunGiresunNewspaperThrice every weekGüzel İneboluİneboluNewspaperOnce every weekİneboluAhenkİzmirNewspaperEverydayAkdenizİzmirNewspaperOnce every weekAnadoluİzmirNewspaperEverydayAntalya'da AnadoluİzmirNewspaperEverydayCumartesiİzmirNewspaperOnce every weekEfeİzmirNewspaperIrregularHalka Doğru MecmuasıİzmirMagazineOnce every 15 daysHilâlİzmirNewspaperEverydayHukuk-ı BeşerİzmirNewspaperEverydayIslahatİzmirNewspaperEverydaySulh ve SelâmetİzmirNewspaperEverydayŞarkİzmirNewspaperEverydayYeni İzmirİzmirMagazineOnce every 15 daysAçıksözKastamonuNewspaperEverydayGençlikKastamonuMagazineOnce every 15 daysKastamonuKastamonuNewspaperOnce every weekKayseri GazetesiKayseriNewspaperOnce every weekMisâk-ı MillîKayseriNewspaperEverydayBabalıkKonyaNewspaperTwice every weekHak YoluKonyaMagazineOnce every 10 daysHalkKonyaNewspaperEverydayİntibahKonyaNewspaper6 times every weekÖğütKonyaNewspaperEverydayWilsonManisaNewspaperIrregularAmâl-i MilliyeKahramanmaraşNewspaperTwice every weekTecelliMerzifonNewspaperOnce every 15 daysMenteşeMuğlaNewspaperTwice every weekAzimOrduNewspaperTwice every weekGüneşOrduMagazineOnce every 15 daysMuvaffakiyet-i MilliyyeOrduNewspaperTwice every weekOrdu BucakOrduNewspaperTwice every weekYeni AdanaPozantıNewspaperEverydayAhâliSamsunNewspaperIrregularAks-i SadâSamsunNewspaperThrice every weekFırtınaSamsunNewspaperOnce every weekHayatSamsunNewspaperEverydaySamsun'da HilâlSamsunNewspaperTwice every weekVarlıkSarıkamışNewspaperTwice every weekBirlikSivasNewspaperOnce every weekDilekSivasNewspaperOnce every 15 daysGaye-i MilliyeSivasNewspaperEverydayİrâde-i MilliyeSivasNewspaperEverydayFecirTrabzonMagazineOnce every 15 daysGüzel TrabzonTrabzonNewspaperThrice every weekHakTrabzonNewspaperIrregularİkbâlTrabzonNewspaperTwice every weekİstikbalTrabzonNewspaperTwice every weekZaferTrabzonMagazineOnce every week

Other NameCenterTypeFrequencyNotesAzerbaycanBakuNewspaperIrregularSadâ-i MilletBatumiNewspaperThrice every weekKızıl ŞarkMoscowMagazineOnce every monthNefirThessalonikiNewspaperOnce every weekAhâliSofiaNewspaperOnce every other day

Media that opposed the Turkish National Movement

Constantinople NameCenterTypeFrequencyNotesAlemdarConstantinopleNewspaperIt was published between 1909 and 1922. Supported British occupation. It was formed by Refi Cevat Ulunay and Rıza Tevfik BölükbaşıPeyam-ı SabahConstantinopleNewspaperIt was published between 1913 and 1922, when it was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The main writer of newspaper was Ali Kemal, and the newspaper was known for supporting British occupation.IstanbulConstantinopleNewspaperÜmitConstantinopleMagazineFormed by Refik Halit Karay

Anatolia NameCenterTypeFrequencyNotesFerdaAdanaIt was published between 1918 and 1921. Supported the French occupation.Adana PostasıAdanaNewspaperEverydayThe newspaper was abolished when the French left the region.RehberAdanaNewspaperOnce every weekFinanced by the French.SelametTrabzonİrşatBalıkesirKöylüİzmirSupported the Greek occupationZaferKastamonuSupported the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul

Minorities

Constantinople NameCenterTypeFrequencyNotesPontosConstantinopleNewspaperGreek newspaper. Supported an independent Pontus.RönesansConstantinopleNewspaperArmenian newspaper. Supported the Allied occupation, and it was known for calling the Kuva-yi Milliye "irresponsible gangs"Journal d'OrientConstantinopleNewspaperJewish newspaper. Did not support a specific occupation, but stated that it would accept any rule, as long as Jews had minority rights.

Anatolia NameCenterTypeFrequencyNotesTelgrafosİzmirNewspaperGreek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.PatrisİzmirNewspaperGreek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.Amolthia KozmozİzmirNewspaperGreek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.EstiaİzmirNewspaperGreek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.EpotaTrabzonNewspaperGreek newspaper.Pharos İanadolisTrabzonNewspaperGreek newspaper.TorosAdanaNewspaperArmenian newspaper.KilikyaAdanaNewspaperArmenian newspaper.HayistanAdanaNewspaperArmenian newspaper.AzadamardAdanaNewspaperArmenian newspaper.AdanaAdanaNewspaperArmenian owned newspaper. It was written in Turkish with an Armenian alphabet.DavrosAdanaNewspaperArmenian newspaper.Haygagan TsaynAdanaNewspaperArmenian newspaper.ArtAdanaNewspaperArmenian newspaper.SakankAdanaNewspaperArmenian newspaper.AraratAdanaNewspaperArmenian newspaper.Nor AşharnAdanaNewspaperArmenian newspaper.Kilikya SurhantayAdanaNewspaperArmenian newspaper.Nor SeruntAdanaNewspaperArmenian newspaper.

References

Citations

Cited bibliography