The Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region, or M-Map, is the latest version in a series of Thai government plans for the development of an urban rail transit network serving the Greater Bangkok area. It was drafted under the care of the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) of the Ministry of Transport.
History
Lavalin Skytrain
Lavalin Skytrain Project is the earliest mass rapid transit plan of Bangkok to solve the traffic congestion in Bangkok during the 1970s. The project feasibility study was conducted by Thai Government with the association from West Germany Government in 1971 which led to establishment of Expressway Authority of Thailand under Clause 39 of the Announcement of the Revolutionary Council Decree 290 dated 27 November 1972 (B.E.2515) to responsible for planning and construction of expressway and mass rapid transit projects.
In 1979, the master plan compiled by Japanese advisers would have consisted of the First Stage Urban Mass Transit Lines such as the first line known as the Rama IV line, a 25-km route between Phrakhanong and Mo Chit, while the second line, the Sathon line, a 20-km route would connect Wongwian Yai and Lad Phrao, and the third line, the Memorial Line, a 16-km route that connects Dao Khanong and Makkasan, and the expected numbers of passengers were expected to be 200,000 passengers a day in 1990. 2bangkok.com The rolling stock would have utilized six heavy rail cars running at 15 minutes per train for non-rush hour and four minutes during rush hour, compared with current trains running at 6–8 minutes per train during non-rush hour and 3–5 minutes per train during rush hour, using three heavy rail cars. The project was meant to have a cost of $1100 million.
The finalised version of the project consisted of three light rail transit lines which are Sathorn Line, Rama IV Line, and Saphan Phut Line, with the depot located in Huai Khwang district (current location of Phra Ram 9 depot of MRT Blue Line). The project was expected to begin in 1981 and be completed in 1986. However, due to the 1979 oil crisis, Lavalin Skytrain project was shelved as the estimated costs were doubled.
The project was revised under the government of General Prem Tinsulanonda in 1984 and entered the bidding process with three participating companies being Asia-Euro Consortium (comprising AEG, Siemens, MAN, and Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi), SNC-Lavalin, and Franco-Japanese Consortium. The project was awarded to SNC-Lavalin, and the contracts for a 30-year operating concession and construction were signed in May 1990 at Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre.
However, after two years of construction, In June 1992, The project was terminated by the government of Anand Panyarachun . The government stated that SNC-Lavalin failed to sign a shareholders agreement by a specified and the Thai government refused requests for overseas loan and investment guarantees. Outside of Thailand, numerous international media sources suggested politics played in its demise.
Today, There are two remainings from the construction of Lavalin Skytrain project: the abandoned viaduct in the middle of Phra Pok Klao Bridge (now converted into Chao Phraya Skypark), and a reserved space in the middle of Sathorn Bridge (currently used by Silom Line).
Master Plan The concept of developing a master plan began in 1972 when the Thai government sought cooperation from the German government to jointly develop a mass transit network. Subsequently, the Cabinet passed a resolution approving the continuous study, promotion, and support for the creation of the master plan starting from 1994. The sequences of the master plan are as follows:
1994: Mass Rapid Transit Systems Master Plan (MTMP) The first version of the plan, endorsed by the Cabinet on 27 September 1994 and to be implemented from 1995 to 2011, consisted of an extension of to the three systems already in progress (, , and the BERTS), which would have had a combined length of The plan was divided into two phases as follows:
Phase 1 (1995-2001) consisted of MRT Blue Line northwestern and western extensions, BTS Skytrain north and southeastern extensions, and the Orange Line running in an east-west and north-south direction. The total length of this phase is . Phase 2 (2001-2011) consisted of MRT Purple Line phases 1 and 2, BERTS eastern extension and east-west section, and MRT Orange Line eastern and southeastern extensions. The overall length of this phase is .
Later, in 1996, the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) revised this master plan and renamed it the Comprehensive Transport Master Plan (CTMP), which included an additional of routes. This revised master plan included monorail and light rapid transit lines to enhance Bangkok into a rail transportation metropolis. The plan consisted of 11 railway projects with a combined length of , as follows; Line NameSectionRouteLength (km)ReplacementRapid TransitR-1Yommarat - Bangkok Noi - Taling Chan (Yommarat - Taling Chan)R-2Hua Lamphong - Wongwian Yai - Pho Nimit (Hua Lamphong - Eastern Outer Ring Road)Pho Nimit - Eastern Outer Ring RoadR-3Hua Mak - Suvarnabhumi Airport North Terminal G-1On Nut - Suvarnabhumi Airport South TerminalSilver LineReserved structure can be seen between Udom Suk and Bang Na stations.G-2Mo Chit - Ratchayothin G-3Saphan Taksin - Wongwian Yai G-4Bang Na - SamrongB-1Bang Sue - Phra Nangklao Bridge (Phra Nangklao Bridge - Tao Poon)B-2Hua Lamphong - Bangkok Yai - Bang KhaeONBang Kapi - Phan FaOSPhan Fa - Rat Burana - Samrong Tai (Democracy Monument - Kru Nai)OEBang Kapi - Min BuriPNTao Poon - Pak KretPSTao Poon - Sam SenFeeder LinesBang Bua Thong - Taling ChanN/A (Khlong Bang Phai - Sam Yaek Bang Yai)Sam Yaek Bang Yai - Phra Nangklao Bridge (Sam Yaek Bang Yai - Phra Nangklao Bridge)Rama VII Bridge - Dao Khanong (Bang O - Tha Phra) (Tha Phra - Talat Phlu)Rat Burana - Phutthabucha Rat Burana - Bang ModHua Lamphong - Rama III Loop (Rama III Bridge - Chong Nonsi)Samrong - Si SamrongRatchayothin -Si Iam (Lat Phrao - Si Iam)Ramkhamhaeng - On NutPak Kret - Min Buri ( Yaek Pakkret - Min Buri)On Nut - PattanakarnRatchayothin - Min Buri Lam Luk Ka - Pracha Uthit (Khu Khot - Eastern Ring Road-Lam Luk Ka)Vatcharaphol - Pracha Uthit (Watcharaphol - Pracha Uthit)Nuan Chan - Bang Kapi (Nuan Chan - Yaek Lam Sali)
2000: Urban Rail Transportation Master Plan in Bangkok and Surrounding Areas (URMAP) Following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis and the cancellation of the BERTS, in 1998, the Cabinet passed a resolution stating that the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) should conduct a feasibility study for a new master plan to replace the CTMP due to the development not progressing as planned and because Thailand was in the process of recovering from the economic crisis. The main objective of this new master plan is to emphasise the distribution of urban growth from the city centre to suburban areas, promoting more decentralised urban development along major roads.
The new master plan has been adapted with several projects modifying routes from the CTMP, emphasising distribution to various areas as follows:
BERTS has been canceled and replaced by the SRT Red Lines. became the Circle Line, with the Tao Poon to Tha Phra and Tha Phra to Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre via Rama III Road sections added. Ratchayothin to Si Iam Line was extended to Si Samrong and merged with the Samrong to Si Samrong Line, becoming the Yellow Line. The line will be divided into two phases: Phase 1 will run from Lat Phrao to Pattanakarn, and Phase 2 will extend from Pattanakarn to Samrong. Lam Luk Ka to Pracha Uthit Line became a part of the BTS Skytrain, with four extensions added: the North Extension consisted of two projects, namely Mo Chit to Saphan Mai and Saphan Mai to Khu Khot; the South Extension included On Nut to Bearing and Bearing to Samut Prakan; the Western Extension ran from National Stadium to Phran Nok; and the Southwestern Extension from Saphan Taksin to Wongwian Yai and Wongwian Yai to Bang Wa. The On Nut to Suvarnabhumi Airport South Terminal section was canceled.
2004: Bangkok Mass Transit Master Plan (BMT) This master plan is a conversion of the URMAP master plan into practical implementation based on government policies, which stipulate that projects in the previous master plan must be completed within 6 years (2004 – 2009). This period coincides with the recovery of the economy from the crisis in 1997. The master plan outlines a mass transit network in areas anticipated to experience continuous and increasing land use in the future. It specifies the construction of one railway station every 2 kilometres in the city areas and every 1 to 1.5 kilometres in suburban areas, aiming for the rapid transit project to be a guiding initiative for future urban development.
This master plan consists of 7 rapid transit lines with an additional added to the existing . These lines are categorised into three groups as follows;
Loop direction (Ratchadaphisek - Charan Sanitwong Circle Line): Tha Phra to Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre via Rama III Road section was cancelled. North - South direction (Rangsit to Mahachai) (Saphan Mai to Bang Wa) (Bang Yai to Rat Burana): This route combines the B-1 section of the Blue Line and the OS section of the Orange Line from the original master plan. East - West direction (Taling Chan to Suvarnabhumi Airport) (Phran Nok to Samut Prakan) (Bang Bamru to Bang Kapi): With the OS section merged into the Purple Line, the route was altered to terminate at Bang Bamru Station instead, connecting with the Light Red Line.
2006 Master plan In 2006, the Cabinet revised the previous BMT master plan with the aim of expanding coverage to more areas in Bangkok. Three routes were added to this master plan, as follows:
(Lat Phrao to Samrong): This line was included in the URMAP plan but was removed from the BMT plan. (Khae Rai to Suwinthawong): This line was included in the CTMP plan but was removed from the URMAP plan. (Bang Kapi to Min Buri)
2008: M-Map In 2008, the government revised the master plan for the rapid transit network once again, focusing on urban expansion and increasing transit routes in suburban areas, taking into account the growing urbanisation projected for the future. This revision resulted in a total of 9 lines with a combined length of . The revised routes are as follows:
was extended from Saphan Mai to Eastern Ring Road-Lam Luk Ka with the new extension from Km.25 to Rangsit. was extended from Samut Prakan to Bang Pu, while the National Stadium to Phran Nok section has been shortened to Yot Se. was extended from Rat Burana to Chulachomklao Fort. was extended from Bang Khae to Phutthamonthon Sai 4 with two drafted future extensions which are Lat Phrao to Bang O and Tha Phra to Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre via Rama III Road sections. has been added. was shortened to Hua Mak. has been upgraded to the Outer Circle Line, divided into several sections as follows; Southeastern section (Samrong to Pattanakarn) Northeastern section (Pattanakarn to Khae Rai) Northwestern section (Khae Rai to Bang Wa) Southwestern section (Bang Wa to Samrong)
2010: M-Map Revision In 2009, the government revised the M-Map, this time considering urban expansion and the distribution of development to suburban areas, guided by the rapid transit projects. This revised M-Map includes the study of a total of 12 transit lines, with a combined length of , consisting of 8 main lines and 4 feeder lines, as follows: